Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger have officially left the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) after more than a year of tensions. This departure marks a significant shift in West Africa’s political and economic landscape, as ECOWAS has been one of the continent’s most influential regional organizations for 50 years.
The split was triggered by ECOWAS’ demand that these countries restore democratic rule after their respective military takeovers. However, the juntas in these nations rejected these calls and have instead moved forward with forming their own alliance, the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). Despite this, ECOWAS has stated that it remains open to dialogue with the three nations.
ECOWAS was established in 1975 to promote economic and political cooperation among West African nations. Before the recent withdrawals, it had 15 member states, including Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Senegal. The bloc allows free movement of people and goods across member states, providing economic and social benefits to millions of citizens.
The decision of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso to leave ECOWAS stems from deteriorating relations that began when their militaries took control—Mali in 2020, Burkina Faso in 2022, and Niger in 2023. After Niger’s coup, ECOWAS imposed strict sanctions, including border closures, flight restrictions, and freezing of assets. The bloc also threatened military intervention to restore democracy. These actions were met with strong resistance, as the three nations viewed the sanctions as harsh and unfair.
Mali and Burkina Faso openly criticized ECOWAS, calling the sanctions “inhuman,” and even vowed to defend Niger if military action was taken. Following their suspension from the bloc, they formally announced their departure a year ago, fulfilling ECOWAS’ required notice period. Attempts at negotiation since then have failed, with the three nations accusing ECOWAS of favoring Western interests. They have instead strengthened ties with Russia.
This departure raises questions about the future of regional stability, economic cooperation, and security. The split could disrupt trade, limit movement across borders, and weaken collective efforts to combat terrorism in the Sahel region. As the situation evolves, it remains to be seen whether diplomatic efforts can bring these nations back into cooperation with their West African neighbors.
